In previous classes, we went over alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Now we are going to go over the chains that contain not only carbon and hydrogen but many other elements.
Halides and Nitro Compunds: When halogens are added into the compund, the names of these elements will be placed infront of the parent chain when naming. The halogens used are F-Fluoro, Cl-chloro, Br-bromo, and I-iodo. And nitro is also used too. The names will end with -ane.
Alcohols: You can tell when the compund is an Alcohol when there is a branched OH somewhere in the middle of the compound. The ending of the name is -ol .When there are two or more OHs add diol, or triol to the ending.
Aldehydes: Double bonded oxygen at the end of the chain. The name ends with -al.
Ketones: Double bonded ocygen in the MIDDLE of the chain (not on either end). Ends with -one when naming.
Monday, June 6, 2011
Chemical Bonding
In Chemical Bonding, there are three types of bonding. There are covalent bond, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds.
* Electronegativity- the attraction of an atom for for a shared pair of electrons.
Firstly is the covalent bond. A covalent bond is when two atoms are sharing a pair of electrons relatively evenly. When the electronegativity between two atoms are 0.5 or less, it is a covalent bond.
http://scienceelearning.wordpress.com/page/7/
Example: F and F
|3.98-3.98=0|
Since the electronegativity difference is 0, it is a covalent bond.
Next is the polar covalent bond. A polar covalent bond occurs when there is an unequal attraction for shared electorns. One atom will end up with a slightly negative charge and the other will end up with a slightly positive charge. For polar covalent bonds, the attraction is stronger so it is harder to seperate the atoms.
Example: B and Cl
|3.16-2.04=1.12|
Since the electronegativity difference is over 0.5 and under 1.8, it is a polar covalent bond.
Lastly is the ionic bond. Unlike the covalent and the polar covalent bond, the ionic bond does not share the electrons. An ionic bond is made by the attraction of two oppositely charged ions.When the electronegativity difference is 1.8 or more, it is considered a ionic bond.
Example: K and Br
|2.96-.0.82=2.14|
Since the electronegativity difference is over 1.8, it is an ionic bond.
* Electronegativity- the attraction of an atom for for a shared pair of electrons.
Firstly is the covalent bond. A covalent bond is when two atoms are sharing a pair of electrons relatively evenly. When the electronegativity between two atoms are 0.5 or less, it is a covalent bond.
http://scienceelearning.wordpress.com/page/7/
Example: F and F
|3.98-3.98=0|
Since the electronegativity difference is 0, it is a covalent bond.
Next is the polar covalent bond. A polar covalent bond occurs when there is an unequal attraction for shared electorns. One atom will end up with a slightly negative charge and the other will end up with a slightly positive charge. For polar covalent bonds, the attraction is stronger so it is harder to seperate the atoms.
Example: B and Cl
|3.16-2.04=1.12|
Since the electronegativity difference is over 0.5 and under 1.8, it is a polar covalent bond.
Lastly is the ionic bond. Unlike the covalent and the polar covalent bond, the ionic bond does not share the electrons. An ionic bond is made by the attraction of two oppositely charged ions.When the electronegativity difference is 1.8 or more, it is considered a ionic bond.
Example: K and Br
|2.96-.0.82=2.14|
Since the electronegativity difference is over 1.8, it is an ionic bond.
-Victoria
Saturday, June 4, 2011
Organic Chemistry
Alkanes (Straight chain with no branches)
- Hydrocarbon ---> A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon
- They are saturated because each Carbon atom is bonded to the maximum possible number of other atoms
- Carbon atoms are bonded by single bonds
- the names of hydrocarbons end in '-ane'
Name of parent compound chain
- The name is of the hydrocarbon is determined by the number of carbon it has
- the name of the alkyl group
- finally, the name of the parent hydrocarbon chain, to which the alkyl group is attached
CH3 This is called 2-methylpentane
- Hydrocarbon ---> A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon
- They are saturated because each Carbon atom is bonded to the maximum possible number of other atoms
- Carbon atoms are bonded by single bonds
- the names of hydrocarbons end in '-ane'
Name of parent compound chain
- The name is of the hydrocarbon is determined by the number of carbon it has
- Alkane formula = CnH2n+2
Alkyl (Branched Hydrocarbons)
- Alkyl is an alkane which has lost one hydrogen atom
eg. CH4----> Ch3-- Naming: changing the "ane" ending of the original hydrocarbon to "yl"
eg. methane = CH4 ----> Methyl CH3-
Rule of Naming Alkyl
- include the carbon number at which the alkyl group is attached
- a dash- the name of the alkyl group
- finally, the name of the parent hydrocarbon chain, to which the alkyl group is attached
eg. CH3-CH-CH2-CH2-Ch3
'CH3 This is called 2-methylpentane
- Catherine
Alkenes & Alkynes
- carbon is able to form double/triple bonds with other carbon atoms
- when multiple bonds are formed, less hydrogen will attach to the carbon atom
- naming rules are similar to alkanes, the only difference is "ene"
Ex: CH2=CH2 ethene
CH2=CzH- CH3 propene/propane
Ex: Name the following compound.CH3-CH2-C=CH-CH3
|
CH2-CH3
Trans & Cis Butene
if 2 adjacent carbons are bonded by a double and have side chains attached to them, it is possible for 2 compounds to be made
Alkynes, with one or more triple bonds located between carbon atoms leads to an "unsaturated" hydrocarbon.
The ending is changed from "ane" for alkane and "ene" for alkene to "yne" for alkyne.
Check out this link for some extra help!
-Lauren
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